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a) Neutral Density filters have four main uses. |
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b) To enable slow shutter speeds to be used, especially with high speed films, to record movement in subjects such as waterfalls, clouds, or cars. |
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c) To decrease depth of field by allowing wider apertures to be used, which helps separate subjects from their background. |
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d) To decrease the effective ISO of high speed film (above ISO 400) and allow it to be used outdoors in bright situations. |
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e) To allow cine and video cameras (which have fixed shutter speeds) to film subjects such as snow, sand or other bright scenes which could cause overexposure. |
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f) Neutral Density factors. |
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g) ND.3 (exposure adjustment = 1 stop, reduces ISO 1/2). |
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h) ND.6 (exposure adjustment = 2 stops, reduces ISO 1/4). |
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i) ND.9 (exposure adjustment = 3 stops, reduces ISO 1/8). |
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j) ND1.2 (exposure adjustment = 4 stops, reduces ISO 1/16). |
